![]() Morley, Poverty and Inequality in Latin America: The Impact of Adjustment and Recovery (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995), 24–25.Ģ. For short titles for articles, see ( 14.185).ġ. For more on authors’ names, see ( 14.32). The most common short form consists of the last name of the author and the main title of the work cited, usually shortened if more than four words, as in examples 4–6 below. ![]() To reduce the bulk of documentation in scholarly works that use footnotes or endnotes, subsequent citations of sources already given in full should be shortened whenever possible ![]() For example: "(Contradictory reports made in the past have already been proven inaccurate, as noted in the chart below.The use of ibid. is now discouraged in favor of shortened citations. If the footnote relates only to the material in parentheses, place it inside the closing parentheses. If you have a parenthetical phrase in a sentence, place the superscript number after the period as usual if the footnote applies to the sentence as a whole.For example: "The research is important 3-whether these efforts are for personal or public gain has yet to be determined, though." Generally, superscript numbers should follow punctuation.Example: "Studies regarding this matter could be difficult to perform, 2 but the effort may well be worth it." In this example, the footnote is placed after the comma in the first clause to demonstrate that the source does not indicate the effort to perform the studies would be worth it.If necessary to distinguish between sources, you can place the superscript number at the end of the sentence clause you want to attribute to that source. In most cases, you'll put the reference to the footnote at the end of the sentence. Place superscript numbers at the end of a sentence or clause.
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